CLAUSES
Clause
|
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.
|
Independent
clause
|
An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the
main subject and verb of the sentence or it is also called “a main clause”.)
Ex. “Sue lives in Tokyo”.
|
Dependent
clause
|
A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be
connected to an independent clause.
Ex. “Where
does Sue lives?”
|
A.
NOUN CLAUSES
Phrase
|
A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject and
a verb.
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Noun
Phrase (as subject, object, object of
preposition.)
|
A noun phrase is used as a subject or an object.
“ His story was interesting.” (His story is a noun phrase as a subject.)
“ I heard his
story.” (his story is a noun
phrase as an object.)
“ I
listened to his story ” (his
story is a noun phrase as an
object of preposition which is “to”.)
|
Noun
Clause
|
A noun clause is used as subject or an object. In other words a
noun clause is also used as a noun phrase.
“I
know where Sue lives.I”
This is an
example of complete sentence. It has an independent clause with the main
subject (I) and verb (know) of the sentence. Where
Sue lives is called a noun
clause.
|
1.
NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A
QUESTION WORD
Question.
· Where does she live?
· What did he say?
· When do they arrive?
|
Noun Clause
· I don’t know where she live.
· I couldn’t hear what he said.
· Do you know when they arrive?
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Do,
does, did are used in questions, but not in a clauses.
|
ü ..... + Question word + subject
+ verb
ü Question word + subject + verb
+ ......
|
||
Exercise I.
1.
(How old is
he?)
Answer: I
don't know
2.
(What was he
talking about?)
Answer: was interesting.
3.
(Where do
you live?)
Answer:
please tell me .
4.
(When are
they coming?)
Answer: do
you know .
5.
(Which one
does he want?)
Answer:
Let’s ask him .
2.
NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH
WHETHER OR IF.
When a “yes-no” question is changed to a noun clause , whether
or if is used to introduce
the clause.(Whether is more acceptable in formal English, while if is commonly used in speaking.)
Yes/No Question
· Will she come?
· Does he need help?
|
Noun Clause
· I don’t know whether
she will come.
· I don’t know if
she will come.
· I wonder whether he needs help.
· I wonder if he needs help.
|
· Will she come?
|
· I wonder whether or not she will
come.
· I wonder whether she will come or
not.
· I wonder if she will come or
not.
· Whether she will come or
not is not important to me.
|
Noun
clause is in the subject position
|
|
Exercise II.
1.
Where is
your friend?
Answer:
2.
Should we
wait for him?
Answer:
3.
Who took
your dictionary?
Answer:
4.
Does she
need any help?
Answer:
5.
Why is the
sky blue?
Answer:
3.
QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED BY
INFINITIVES
Question words (when, where, how, who, whom,
whose,what,which) and whether may be followed by an infinitife.
Examples.
a. I
don’t know what I should do.
b. I
don’t know what to do.
c. Pam
can’t decide whether she should go o stay home.
d. Pam
can’t decide whether go or (to) stay home.
e. Please
tell me how I can get to the bus station.
f.
Please tell me how to get to the
bus station.
g. Jim
told me where we could find it.
h. Jim
told us where to find it.
Exercise III.
1.
The plumber
tol me how I could fix the leak in the sink.
Answer:
2.
Please tell
me how I should meet you.
Answer:
3.
He told me
when I should come.
Answer:
4.
Jim found
two shirts he liked, but he had trouble deciding which one he should buy.
Answer:
5.
I dont know
what else I can do.
Answer:
4.
NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT.
The word that, when it introduces a noun
clause, has no meaning in itself.
Examples.
· He is a good actor.
I think that he
is a good actor.
· She doesn’t speak English.
That
she doesn’t
speak English is obvious.
It
is obvious (that)
she doesn’t speak English.
Exercise IV.
A fact
|
Obvious
|
Surprising
|
Strange
|
A shame
|
A pity
|
true
|
Too bad
|
unfortunate
|
Too bad
|
A well-known fact
|
Apparent
|
Clear
|
Unfair
|
1.
Tim hasn’t
been able to make any friend.
Answer:
2.
Drug abuse
can ruin one’s health.
Answer:
3.
Some women
do not earn equal pay for equal work.
Answer:
4.
The earth
revolves around the sun.
Answer:
5.
Irene, an
excellent student, failed her entrance examination.
Answer:
B.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective
clause
|
An adjective
clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies,
or gives further information about a noun.
|
Adjective
clause pronouns
|
An adjective
clause pronouns is an adjective clause that uses pronouns to connect the
dependent clause to the independent clause. The adjective clause pronouns are
who, whom, which,and whose. (adjective clause pronouns are also called
“relative pronouns”)
|
1. ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE SUBJECT
Who : used for people
Which : used for things
That : used for both people and things
Examples:
1.
|
I thanked
the woman.
She helped me.
|
I thanked
the woman who helped me.
|
I thanked the woman : An independent clause
who helped me : An adjective
clause
|
||
2.
|
The book
is mine.
It is on the table
|
The book which is on the table is mine.
|
An adjective clause closely
follows the noun it modifies.
|
||
Exercise I.
1.
I saw the
man. He closed the door.
Answer :
2.
The girl was
happy. She won the race.
Answer :
3.
The student
is from China. He sits next to me.
Answer :
4.
We are
studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.
Answer :
5.
The students
are from China. They sit in the front row.
Answer :
2. ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF
A VERB
Who :
used for people
Which :
used for things
That :
used for both people and things
Examples.
1.
|
The man
was Mr. Jones
I saw him.
|
The man who/whom/that
I saw was Mr. Jones
|
Who is usually used instead of
whom.
Whom is generally used only in
very formal English.
|
||
2.
|
The movie wasn’t
very good.
We saw it
last night.
|
The movie which/that
we say wasn’t very good.
|
An object pronoun is often omitted
from an adjective clause.
(A subject pronoun, however,
may not be omitted.)
|
||
Exercise II.
1.
The book was
good. I read it.
Answer :
2.
I liked the
woman. I met her at the party last night.
Answer :
3.
I liked the
composition. You wrote it.
Answer :
4.
The people
were happy. We visited them yesterday.
Answer :
5.
The man is
standing there. Ann brought him to the party.
Answer :
3. ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF
A PREPOSITION
1.
|
She is the
woman. I told you about her.
|
· She is the woman about
whom I told you.
· She is the woman who
(m) I told you about.
· She is the woman that
I told you about.
|
If the preposition comes at the
beginning of the adjective clause, only whom or which may be used. A
preposition is never immediately followed by that or who.
|
||
2.
|
The music
was good. We listened to it last night.
|
· The music to which we listened
last night was good.
· The music which/that we listened
to last night was good.
|
Exercise III.
1.
The meeting
was interesting. I went to it.
Answer :
2.
The man was
very kind. I talk to him yesterday.
Answer :
3.
I must thank
the people. I got a present from them.
Answer :
4.
The picture
was beautiful. She was looking at it.
Answer :
5.
The man is
standing over there. I was telling you about him.
Answer :
4. Using
WHOSE
Use is used to
show possession. It carries the same meaning as other possessive
pronouns used as adjectives : his, her,
its, their.
His bicycle : whose
bicycle.
Her flower : whose flower.
Examples:
·
The student
writes well. I read her composition. (the student whose composition I read
writes well)
·
I know the
man. His bicycle was stolem. ( I know the man whose bicycle was stolen).
·
Mr.Cat has a
painting. Its value is inestimable. (Mr.Cat has a painting whose value is
inestimable).
Exercise III.
1.
I know the
man. His name is Goose.
Answer :
2.
I apologized
to the woman. I spilled her coffee.
Answer :
3.
The man
called the police. His wallet was stolen.
Answer :
4.
The
professor was excelent. I am taking her course.
Answer :
5.
The people
were nice. We visited their house.
Answer :
5. Using
WHERE in adjective clauses
Where is used in an adjective
clause to modify a place (city, country, house,etc.)
Example.
·
The building
is very old. He lives there. ( the building where he lives is very old)
Exercise IV.
1.
The city was
beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
Answer :
2.
The town is
small. I grew up there.
Answer :
3.
That is the
drawer. I keep my jewelry there.
Answer :
4.
That is the
restaurant. I will meet you there.
Answer :
6. Using
WHEN in adjective clauses
When is used in an adjective
clause to modify a noun of time (year,
day, time, century, etc).
Example.
·
I’ll never
forget the day. I met you then (on that day). (I’ll never forget the day when I
met you)
Exercise VI.
1.
Monday is
the day. We will come then. (on that day)
Answer :
2.
7:05 is the
time. My plane arrives then. (at that time)
Answer :
3.
July is the
month. The weather is usually the hottest then. (in that month)
Answer :
4.
1960 is the
year. The revolution took place then. (in that year)
Answer :
C.
ADVERB CLAUSES
Adverb clauser are dependent
clause, they cannot stand alone as a sentence in written English. They must be
connected to an independent clause.
Here are
list of words used to introduce adverb clauses.
TIME
|
CAUSE-EFFECT
|
CONTRAST
|
CONDITION
|
|
After
Before
When
While
As
As
soon as
Since
Until
|
By
the time
Once
As/so
long as
Whenever
Everytime
The
first time
(that)
The
last time
(that)
The
next time (that)
|
Because
Now
that
since
|
Eventough
Although
Though
|
If
Unless
Only
if
Whether
or not
Even
if
In
case
In
the even that
|
Direct Contrast
|
||||
While
whereas
|
||||
· I will submit my assignment after
I finished it.
|
· I will call you back once
I reached home.
|
· I cannot go outside because
it is still raining.
|
· Eventough/although/though the dress is expensive, Dina
buys it.
· Dad drank soft drink while
mom was watching TV.
|
· I will eat if mom cook it.
|
Exercise I.
Please make at least five
sentences contained adverb clauses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Source:
*Understanding and Using English Grammar by Betty Schrampfer Azar
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